The Evolution of Evidence from the Judicial Reform to the Soviet System: A Historical and Legal Analysis
https://doi.org/10.21686/2411-118X-2026-2-40-46
Abstract
This scientific article is the third in a series of studies devoted to the evolution of the institution of procedural and legal means of proof in the historical and legal context. The work covers the period from 1864 to 1991, which is proposed to be divided into three key stages: the Post-reform period (1864–1917), the Early Soviet period (1917– late 1930s) and the Late Soviet period (1940s–1991). The subject of the study is the procedural and legal means of proof used in Russian legal proceedings, as well as the patterns of their development, transformation and normative consolidation in the period under review. The subject analyzes the principles of evidence assessment, the system of types of evidence, the procedural status of participants in evidence and their evolution under the influence of the Judicial Reform of 1864, revolutionary transformations and Soviet codification. The article analyzes the transformation of the principles and means of proof as a result of the Judicial Reform of 1864, which led to the establishment of adversarial and free evaluation of evidence, as well as their subsequent radical restructuring within the framework of the Soviet socialist model of justice. The main normative acts of the era are studied: The Charters of Criminal and Civil Proceedings of 1864, the first Soviet decrees on the court, the CPC and CPC of the RSFSR of 1922–1923, the Fundamentals of Criminal Proceedings of 1958 and the CPC of the RSFSR of 1960. The dialectical development is highlighted: the rejection of formalism and the transition to material truth in the post-reform period, followed by a stage of revolutionary simplification and politicization of evidence, and the subsequent partial restitution of procedural guarantees in the conditions of the late USSR. The research uses general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, generalization, synthesis) and private scientific methods (historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal). It is concluded that the Soviet system of evidence, despite declaring the principle of objective truth, in practice often obeyed ideological imperatives, which created internal contradictions and limited the implementation of the proclaimed legal ideals.
Keywords
About the Author
G. V. GusevaRussian Federation
PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of Baikal State University.
11 Lenin str., Irkutsk, 664003
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Review
For citations:
Guseva G.V. The Evolution of Evidence from the Judicial Reform to the Soviet System: A Historical and Legal Analysis. ECONOMICS. LAW. SOCIETY. 2026;11(2):40-46. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21686/2411-118X-2026-2-40-46
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