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On the 75th Anniversary of Academician I. M. Rahimov
Trajectories of Modernization of Law and Legislation
The current state of society is characterized by numerous transformational processes that have a significant impact on all spheres of public life. They are conditioned by the global challenges and threats that humanity is facing. The speed of such changes is amazing. In real time, phenomena that until recently belonged to the realm of fiction are noted – digitalization and robotics, genetic engineering and neurocognitive technologies, and other innovations. In these circumstances, law and legislation should not only meet the requirements of sustainability, but also be adaptive and flexible. At the same time, not all people manage to integrate into the rapidly changing social environment, and they can correspond to the trends of the time. As a result, social risks are significantly increasing, and an increasing part of the population needs support and protection from the state. These circumstances determine the need for philosophical, legal and theoretical awareness of the current trajectories of the development of law and legislation. These include: the expansion of the sphere of legal regulation, coupled with an increase in the importance of legislation and the emergence of supranational legal systems; the preservation of the state as the institutional basis of law and order, increasing its importance in terms of ensuring the security of individuals, society and the state; the transformation of the structure of law and legislation; the potential transformation of law from a normative system into a normative-cognitive system due to the development of neuroscience and cognitive sciences, as well as automation of legal regulation and public administration.
Formation of Doctrinal Ideas about the Personalization of Legal Norms in the Framework of Legal Science
The relevance of the topic is determined by the need for scientific understanding of the theoretical and practical significance of issues related to the formation of doctrinal ideas about the personalization of legal norms within the framework of legal science. The purpose of this work is to establish the relationship of legal doctrine with legal science, theory and concept based on the integration of cognitive methods, using modern information technologies in terms of legal understanding of the category of personalization of law. The achievement of this goal provided for the solution of the following tasks: a) to explore the concept of legal doctrine in the works of domestic and foreign scientists; b) to study the regulatory possibilities of legal doctrine and its impact on the formation and development of the concept of personalized law through the achievements of modern scientific and theoretical constructions in domestic law; c) to determine the role of legal principles and customs in the mechanism of legal regulation of public relations in terms of individualization and personalization of law. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of the problem of the implementation of legal doctrine (especially human and civil rights and freedoms) in the light of the future development of the concept of personalized law. The paper highlights promising areas for the further development of personalized law: a) the relationship between digitalization and "smart" law with an emphasis on rehabilitation and resocialization of the individual in law enforcement; b) consideration of cultural and social characteristics, modern information technologies when developing it as regulators of public relations.
The Postmodern Stage of Legal Culture Development
The culture of law–making has been fully influenced by the concept of postmodernism the denial of the holistic concept of knowledge has led to the denial of the possibility of the existence of universal concepts. It is not only specific legal institutions that are being developed: ownership, legal responsibility, and property are blurring the very concept of lawmaking due to an increase in the number of subjects authorized to change legal regulation, due to an increase in the number of instruments of legal influence on public relations, due to the consolidation of references to extralegal factors, evaluative categories, and values in the norms of current legislation. The active borrowing of legal concepts and institutions, their "transplantation" into foreign legislation, in which they often acquire completely new meanings, role and content, also played a role. A specific feature of Russian legislation is the absolutization of the sectoral division, which creates conditions for the autonomous development of individual branches of legislation without connection with both the object of legal regulation and other branches of legislation. The author comes to the conclusion that the reason for this situation was the development of branch sciences, including the legal sciences of certain branches of law. Being based on completely different principles and regulating completely different social relations, they have moved into a state in which what is true for one branch is not always true for another.
Vladimir Solovyov's Philosophy of Unity and His Doctrine of the State and Law (Part II)
The first part of our article was devoted to the general philosophical foundations of Solovyov's teachings, including the genesis of his system, the ontology and metaphysics of all-unity, sophiology, and the doctrine of God-manhood. The second part of the article focuses on the philosophy of law and the state, including the moral foundations of law, the concept of the "minimum of goodness," the doctrine of the state, and the theocratic ideal. The article argues that the concept of law as the "minimum of goodness" overcomes the false alternative between legal positivism and moral rigorism, and has practical significance, as it allows for the justification of criticism of laws that contradict fundamental moral principles (human dignity and basic individual rights), while also indicating the limits of legal regulation. Not everything that is morally desirable can or should be subject to legislation, as a significant area of human life remains a realm of free moral choice. The article notes that Solovyov's philosophy of the state contains elements of both utopia and realism. The theocratic projects, the hopes for the unification of churches, and the construction of a Christian state are utopian. The demands for social justice, protection of the weak, and ensuring a dignified existence for all members of society are realistic. At the same time, a critical analysis reveals the limitations of Solovyov's philosophy. Its weaknesses include: excessive systematicity, which sometimes leads to the violation of reality in the name of a scheme; a lack of attention to the empirical specifics of social processes; utopian elements that underestimate the power of evil in history; and a certain arbitrariness in metaphysical constructions, particularly in the field of sophiology.
The Importance of Law for Achieving the Social Ideal in the Understanding of P. I. Novgorodtsev
The article examines the views on law within the doctrine of the public ideal as advanced by the jurist and philosopher P.I. Novgorodtsev (1866–1924). It analyzes the role of law in the life of a state and society striving for an ideal condition. P.I. Novgorodtsev, in his work «On the Public Ideal», juxtaposes various strands of thought concerning the attainment of possible ideals in socio-political development, with a particularly detailed examination of Marxism. P.I. Novgorodtsev, аs a representative and ideological inspirer of the revived natural law concept in Russia, assigns paramount importance to individual rights and champions the ideas of rule of law. The text presents the idea of unattainability of an absolute ideal in organizing the state-legal conditions of life. It is emphasized the crucial importance of the very process of striving and progressing toward ideals. The fundamental factors for development and advancement toward ideal forms of human coexistence are the balanced correlation of individual and public interests and the consideration of natural law and moral precepts in the formulation of state legislation. Сonclusions are drawn in relation P.I. Novgorodtsev's positive regard for the Russian religious tradition as a foundation for morality and its importance for the sphere of law.
On the Issue of the Concepts of Admissibility, Reliability, Relevance and Sufficiency of Evidence in Criminal Proceedings
The article examines the issues recognized in the legal literature that are always relevant regarding the concepts of the necessary properties of criminal procedural evidence, namely their relevance, admissibility, reliability and sufficiency. Attention is consistently paid to each of the listed properties. The research uses such general scientific methods of cognition as generalization, theoretical analysis and systematization of scientific data and law enforcement practice. Examples from judicial and investigative practice are used to illustrate the conclusions. The authors share the opinion of scientists who recognize the reliability of evidence as crucial for making procedural decisions about a person's guilt or innocence. Attention is drawn to the fact that the mechanism of displaying an investigative event in objective data plays an essential role, as a result of which both the internal properties of evidence and their relationship to other case materials acquire importance. In this regard, the lack of a normative definition of the concept of reliability, as well as a procedural algorithm for its establishment, is critically assessed. It is concluded that the sufficiency of evidence is the final criterion summarizing the results of the evaluation of evidence and determining the possibility of recognizing the circumstances of the case as established.
Depositing Testimony of Criminal Procedure Participants: History and Prospects
Based on the analysis of the criminal procedure legislation of a number of countries, both near and far abroad, the article examines the features and problematic issues of depositing the testimonies of individual participants in pre-trial proceedings. The author shares the position of a number of scholars regarding the extension of the court's jurisdiction to pre-trial proceedings in the format of ensuring the deposition of the testimonies of individual participants in the process, provided that there are circumstances that exclude or make it difficult for them to participate in the resolution of the criminal case in court. Based on the arguments presented in the article in favor of introducing the provisions of the analyzed institution into the domestic criminal process, the generalization of foreign experience, as well as the positions of domestic theorists and practitioners, the author proposes a number of constructive changes and additions to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. It is emphasized that there are currently no significant obstacles to introducing the analyzed institution into the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, and the need for applying its provisions in practice is undeniable.
The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Proceedings in the Russian Federation
The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical, regulatory and ethical aspects of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in criminal proceedings in the Russian Federation. It is proved that, given the objective need for digital transformation of justice and law enforcement, the introduction of AI takes place in conditions of fragmented and incomplete legal regulation, which creates risks for the implementation of constitutional guarantees and principles of the criminal process. Based on the analysis of the national AI development strategy, special experimental regulation, foreign experience (USA, China, European countries) and domestic law enforcement practice, key problem areas are identified: the uncertain status of electronic evidence, algorithmic bias, lack of transparency of algorithms, threats to the presumption of innocence and fair trial. Proposals are formulated to improve criminal procedure legislation and bylaws, taking into account the principle of the auxiliary role of AI in making procedural decisions.
Evidentiary Attribution in the Investigation of Crimes: Problems of Criminalistic Science and Law Enforcement Practice, Ways to Solve Them
The article is devoted to a critical study and systematization of criminalistic tasks that arise during the development and implementation of digital attribution mechanisms specifically focused on the requirements and limitations of the field of legal proceedings and criminology. Unlike the adaptation of tools originally developed for related fields, the authors' approach is based on the need to create attribution systems that meet the strict regulatory standards applicable in evidentiary procedures. The article examines the current state of law enforcement practice in the world's leading jurisdictions in order to identify gaps between the technical capabilities of attribution of subjects and the legal requirements for the evidentiary process. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of existing problems and develop analytical recommendations for their resolution by creating evidence—based attribution mechanisms, initially designed taking into account the strict regulatory requirements of the criminal prosecution process, as well as criminalistic recommendations, rather than their subsequent adaptation. We view this goal as an interdisciplinary problem requiring the integration of deep knowledge in computer science, evidence theory, and comparative law. According to it, the key issues related to ensuring the traceability, reproducibility, integrity and, most importantly, the admissibility of electronic data as evidence are being investigated. The results of the study provide a conceptual framework for the development of regulatory and technical standards that enhance the reliability and legal stability of evidentiary attribution processes in court proceedings to improve the effectiveness of investigating crimes in the information and telecommunications sector.
Forensic Analysis of Digital Traces in Blockchain: Verification Methodology for Criminal Proceedings
The article is devoted to the development of a comprehensive methodology for forensic analysis of digital traces in the blockchain for their use in criminal proceedings. The authors propose a multi-level model that integrates the stages of blockchain data verification, behavioral clustering of addresses, graph analysis of asset flows, signature detection of anomalies, and de-anonymization of pseudonymous identifiers. The practical significance of the approach is confirmed by examples of real criminal cases investigated by the Main Directorate for Economic Security and Anti-Money Laundering of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, including schemes of vishing and money laundering through crypto exchanges such as Suex and BTC-e. Strict criteria for the admissibility of such traces as evidence have been formulated in accordance with Articles 75, 80, and 86 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. Special attention has been paid to the primary extraction of data through full nodes or API explorers with cross-verification, overcoming pseudonymity via domestic platforms (Transparent Blockchain, SHARD), and convergence with external sources (VASP according to the FATF Travel Rule). The results form a scientific and methodological basis for preliminary investigation and financial monitoring bodies.
Legal Features of Conducting a Search at a Lawyer's Office: Theory and Practice
The article examines the legal grounds and procedural limits of conducting searches of lawyers’ premises within the framework of criminal proceedings. The subject of the research is the system of legal relations arising in the course of investigative actions involving lawyers, as well as the mechanisms for ensuring guarantees of legal practice and the protection of attorney–client privilege. Particular attention is paid to the correlation between the public interest in effective criminal prosecution and the private interests of the defense, as well as to the problems of law enforcement practice associated with the authorization and execution of searches involving lawyers. The methodological basis of the research includes general scientific and special legal methods of cognition, such as analysis and synthesis, the formal legal method, systemic and structural-functional approaches, and comparative legal analysis. The study is based on the provisions of criminal procedural legislation, legislation governing legal practice, as well as the legal positions of higher courts and materials from judicial practice. The originality of this study is grounded in its integrated examination of searches conducted at lawyers’ offices as an extraordinary procedural intervention that has a direct bearing on the autonomy of legal practice. The article argues that rigorous adherence to the principle of proportionality, along with strengthened judicial oversight in authorizing investigative measures, is essential to preventing unwarranted intrusion into attorneys’ professional activities. It further demonstrates that disregard for established legal safeguards results in breaches of attorney–client confidentiality and compromises the evidentiary value of materials obtained, ultimately diminishing the overall effectiveness of criminal justice.
Typological Characteristics of Female Criminals
The article discusses relevant issues related to female crime in the context of the personal characteristics of female criminals. The author shares the view that the personality of a criminal is formed before the crime is committed during the process of socialization under the influence of external factors, and it also depends on psychological, biological, and anthropological data. The study uses general scientific methods of generalization, theoretical analysis, and systematization of scientific data. The article emphasizes that female crime has its own characteristics, as crimes committed by women differ from other types of crimes in that they are more closely related to their personal characteristics. Therefore, the article focuses on the characteristics of the existing typologies of female criminals in legal science. The article concludes that understanding the specific features of the female criminal's personality and their typology is crucial for effective prevention of female crime, working with women during the preliminary investigation, selecting appropriate measures of influence, and determining the most effective and fair punishment.
A Philosophical and Legal Analysis of the Specifics of Female Pedophilia (Paraphilia) in the Context of Modern Medical, Psychological and Legal Paradigms
This study examines the philosophical and legal implications of female pedophilia, which is defined in this paper as a specific form of paraphilia. The author highlights a common misconception in society that equates pedophilia exclusively with male sexual abuse of children. However, empirical data show that male pedophiles often suffer from erectile dysfunction, particularly due to somatic conditions such as diabetes. In some cases, erectile dysfunction may act as an etiological factor, triggering the choice of a child as a sexual object, although penetration may be absent. The article argues that an erect male genital organ is not a prerequisite for the full spectrum of objective manifestations of pedophilia. Currently, female pedophilia generally remains outside the scope of public discourse, creating the illusion of its absence. Based on the results of the analysis, the author formulates two key conclusions: first, the factors contributing to the emergence of female pedophilia are identified; second, the reasons for the insufficient public awareness of this problem, despite the existence of documented cases of crimes committed by women, are analyzed.
Digital and Inheritance Rights in the Civil Rights System: the Property Aspect
The article analyzes digital and inheritance rights from the perspective of determining their place in the system of property civil rights. Based on doctrinal and legislative sources, their features and legal nature have been investigated, which allowed us to formulate a number of conclusions. In particular, digital rights are not independent rights on an equal basis with proprietary, exclusive and binding rights. By their legal nature, digital rights are currently binding, but in the future they may be expressed in the form of exclusive rights. The inherent features of the right to accept inheritance, with a certain degree of conditionality, "relate" it to the right of ownership as the main property right. However, this is only at first glance. The content of such rights varies. Other features inherent in them are the duration of rights, the direction of their implementation, which is due to the difference in interests and ways of satisfying them, etc. – they allow us to recognize that inheritance rights are neither derived from traditionally recognized rights, nor is it possible to classify inheritance rights as conditional varieties of property, obligation, or exclusive rights, which presupposes their independent significance along with the listed civil rights.
Problematic Aspects of Legal Regulation of the Institution of Escheat Property
The current stage of socio-economic development has intensified the need to develop the most effective model for the legal regulation of inheritance relations, based on a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign civil legislation, law enforcement practice, and scholarly doctrinal approaches. The article formulates a set of scientifically substantiated proposals aimed at improving the Russian legal framework for recognizing escheated property. The implementation of the author’s initiatives is expected to reduce the number of cases in which property left after the death of a testator is declared escheated, as well as to enhance the effectiveness of legal regulation in this area. The article examines the problematic theoretical aspects of the institution of escheated inheritance in Russia. In the course of the research, particular attention is given to the distinctive features of German inheritance law, especially the mechanism of the automatic transfer of an estate to heirs in the absence of their refusal to accept the inheritance. The authors also analyze law enforcement practice related to the institution of de facto acceptance of inheritance through actions indicating an intention to accept the estate. Furthermore, the issue of the admissibility of recognizing an estate as escheated in cases where heirs fail to accept the inheritance is considered. The study substantiates the position that a testator’s property should be recognized as escheated in cases where the heirs renounce the inheritance or where they are absent. The study employs various research methods, including the comparative-legal method, logical-analytical method, synthesis, and others. The subject of the research comprises the norms of civil legislation of Russia and Germany, legal doctrine, and judicial practice.
Compensation for Moral Damage as a Way to Protect the Non-property Rights of Citizens and Legal Entities
The article examines the problems of protecting the non-property rights of citizens and legal entities by compensating for moral damage. Based on the available scientific points of view on the legal nature of moral harm, on legal assessments of the severity of moral suffering, a reasonable point of view is expressed on the increase in appropriate compensation by the courts depending on the level of moral suffering of the victim or plaintiff, as well as on the nature and level of damage to the business reputation of the organization. Based on theoretical and legal concepts, the article conceptualizes the institution of compensation for moral damage and proves its particular importance and value among civil law institutions. With references to the works of legal scholars, such types of moral harm as direct, indirect and discriminatory harm are identified. In addition, the author proposes to define non-material damage to the business reputation of a legal entity as reputational harm and to establish the degree of its severity depending on the specific adverse consequences of the acts committed. Special attention is paid to the legal study of the provisions of the current civil legislation on moral harm and its compensation, as well as a comparative analysis of generalized judicial practice in Resolution No. 10 of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated December 20, 1994 "Some issues of the application of legislation on compensation for moral harm" (expired) and the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation "On the practice of courts of the norms on compensation for moral damage" dated December 15, 2022, No. 33. At the end of the study, a scientific analysis of compensation for moral damage in an out-of-court voluntary manner was carried out.
On the Consequences of Abuse of the Principle of Freedom of Contract
The article examines problematic issues of abuse of law in contractual relations, including the principle of freedom of contract, which, despite the very obvious legislative and judicial policy of the state, is currently very relevant. An analysis of some of these abuses of freedom of contract by unscrupulous persons is presented, namely: the conclusion of imaginary and fake transactions, the conduct of negotiations by one of the parties without the intention of further concluding a contract, the evasion of a person from concluding a contract within the framework of a public offer, the conclusion of a bonded transaction, the imposition of one product on the buyer for the possibility of acquiring another, and the list of established There are legal consequences for this kind of abuse of the principle of freedom of contract. A generalizing conclusion is drawn about the existence of problems in civil law relations, which, according to the author, are extremely difficult to solve without restrictions on the principle of freedom of contract, therefore, the burden of resolving all the problems accumulated in this area is actually shifted to the court apparatus, including in labor disputes, as well as in disputes arising from consumer protection.
On the Issue of Amending the Provisions on the Contract of a Sea Cruise in the Code of Merchant Shipping of the Russian Federation
The author explores the definition of the concept of "cruise", its features as a type of tourist product, formulates the subject of the sea cruise agreement, the parties to the agreement, and also makes an indication of the types of transport on which it is possible to provide sea cruise services – cruise liner, icebreaker, ice-class vessel. The article also analyzes the need to introduce provisions regulating the contract of a sea cruise into the Code of Merchant Shipping of the Russian Federation. The author substantiates the need to make these amendments specifically to this regulatory act, and provides the wording of the proposed provisions on the sea cruise agreement. The relationship between the concepts of "tourist" and "passenger" is considered. The author focuses on the norms governing the rights and obligations of the carrier and the tourist in case of deterioration of the tourist's health, taking into account the rights of other tourists. The thesis is proposed that in case of refusal to get off the ship for a medical examination at the nearest point of the route, the tourist agrees that he carries the risk of adverse consequences for life and health on his own. The article also analyzes foreign norms on the contract of a sea cruise, in particular, the legislation of Belarus and Moldova. The revision of the provisions on the sea cruise contract to the Merchant Shipping Code is proposed.
Private Law Concepts for Regulating Relations Involving the Use of Innovative Transportation Mechanisms
The study examines private law concepts of regulation of innovative development of transportation. When researching the topic, a dialectical method was used, through which the dynamics of innovation development and their impact on law were analyzed, and contradictions between traditional legal norms and new relations were identified. The system method allows us to consider innovative transport as a complex system, including technical, economic, social and legal components, as well as to analyze the place of private law concepts in the general system of legal regulation. Through analysis and synthesis, the analysis of individual aspects of innovative transport and the subsequent synthesis of the acquired knowledge for the formation of holistic concepts are carried out. Deduction and induction in this study is based on the application of general legal principles to specific cases of innovative transportation (deduction) and the development of new principles based on the analysis of a variety of special cases and technological solutions (induction). The combination of the analysis of modern legal problems with the development of innovative solutions at the intersection of private law and innovative transportation mechanisms constitutes the scientific novelty of this study. Private law concepts are central to the formation of an effective and flexible legal framework for the innovative development of transportation.
Formation of the International Legal Regime of the Caspian Sea
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the international legal status of the Caspian Sea from the 9th century to the late 20th century, with an emphasis on bilateral relations between Russia (later the USSR) and Persia (Iran). The authors trace how early trade and military interactions between Slavic tribes and the population of Caspian territories developed into a systematic expansion of Russian influence in the 16th– 19th centuries, cemented by key treaties such as the Treaties of St. Petersburg (1723), Resht (1732), Ganja (1735), Gulistan (1813), and Turkmenchay (1828), which established rules of navigation, trade, and territorial concessions, as well as Russia's monopoly on the navy. In the period after 1917, Soviet policy led to the annulment of previous agreements and the conclusion of new treaties. The conventions of 1921, 1927, 1931, 1935, and 1940 confirmed the closed status of the Caspian Sea as a "Soviet-Iranian" body of water with restrictions on extra-regional powers. The study emphasizes the continuity of legal norms, the need to modernize the sea's status after the collapse of the USSR with the emergence of new littoral states (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan), and the role of multilateral mechanisms in achieving consensus on the Caspian Sea.
International Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Technologies
This article is devoted to the analysis of international legal mechanisms for regulating artificial intelligence. The methodological basis of the work is presented by a comprehensive comparative analysis of regulatory legal acts and case law of the EU, China, USA, Singapore, UAE, as well as relevant documents of the World Intellectual Property Organization, the United Nations and UNESCO. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the systematization of global experience in four key aspects: categorization of AI systems according to the degree of risk, determination of their legal status, regulation of responsibility allocation and protection of fundamental human rights. The author states the pronounced fragmentation of existing national approaches and the lack of effectiveness of international coordination in this area. The following key conclusions and recommendations are proposed for the Russian Federation: the development of a federal AI law based on a risk-based model; the establishment of a specialized regulator; the introduction of systemic changes to the legislation on personal data and the Civil Code; as well as the introduction of mechanisms for fines and regulatory «sandboxes». The implementation of these measures is designed to ensure an optimal balance between stimulating technological innovation and guaranteeing citizens' rights.
The International Legal Regulation of Cryptocurrencies and Digital Financial Assets: Finding Balance between Innovation and Stability
The article aims to provide a scientific substantiation of models of international legal regulation of cryptocurrencies and digital financial assets (DFA). The central focus is on the analysis of the dilemma between stimulating technological innovation and ensuring financial stability, protecting investors' rights, and combating illegal transactions. The objective of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of divergent national approaches (using the US, EU, China, Singapore, UAE, and Switzerland as examples) and supranational initiatives (FATF, IMF, and BIS) in order to identify key contradictions and legal gaps hindering the development of a coordinated global model. The work consistently examines the following: the economic role of digital assets; the evolution of regulatory regimes; the specifics of the cross-border circulation of cryptoassets; and the impact of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) on the legal field. The methodological basis is formed by a comparative legal and systemic analysis of regulations, international standards, and doctrinal sources for the period 2019– 2025. The result is a comprehensive assessment of current trends and a proposal for possible scenarios for the convergence of regulatory practices to overcome the fragmentation of the legal space.
On Legal and Regulatory Environment of Large-scale Infrastructure Projects with Foreign Participation in African Countries (on the Example of the Lobito Transportation Corridor)
The World leading powers and inter-state associations strive to intensify cooperation with African countries in the area of extraction and transportation of critical raw materials. Simultaneously, states of the continent are interested in the implementation of large-scale infrastructure development projects on their territory. In this context, approaches of the parties towards shaping legal and regulatory environment of such projects are of interest. In the case of the Lobito Corridor, this includes a number of agreements and memoranda on the extraction and transportation of critical minerals, creation of value chains, working arrangements between the parties, agency services, and investment facilitation. Legal aspects of the implementation of large-scale infrastructure projects on the continent with participation of the USA and the EU deserves analysis from theoretical and practical points of view, including for their possible account by the Russian Federation in carrying on trade with the states of the continent.
The Problem of Integrating the Digital Ruble into the Russian Economy
The subject of the study is the process of introducing the digital ruble in the Russian Federation, including its legal, technological and economic aspects, in the context of the global experience in the development of digital currencies. The methodological basis of the research was a system of general and particular methods of scientific cognition. In carrying out the research, the generally accepted principles of dialectics were used as a doctrine of universal connection and development, and the following general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition were used: system-structural, functional, formal-logical, logical-legal, comparative-legal, inductive and deductive, analysis and synthesis, observation, comparison, generalization, and others. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive analysis of the Russian model of the central bank's digital currency against the background of international prototypes, a proposal to include the digital ruble in the M1 monetary unit and identify its unique position as a hybrid instrument between cash and non-cash money. The introduction of the digital ruble, based on a two-tier retail model, is aimed at improving the financial infrastructure and increasing financial inclusion. The pilot project faces challenges such as risks to the liquidity of the banking sector and the need to address issues of integration into the budget process. The widespread use of the digital ruble requires a balanced approach to maintain macroeconomic stability.
Features of the Protection of Digital Human Rights While Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies
The paper examines the main directions of the concept of digital human rights protection in the context of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Logical, comparative, empirical, descriptive and others were used as the main methods of cognition during the research. In the course of the research, in particular, an attempt was made to overcome the identified problems in this area, including cybersecurity, privacy, and decision-making, which are considered among the most complex concepts in both public and private law, by proposing innovative macro policies. It is determined that the increasing use of AI technologies and their application in various fields have created not only new opportunities for growth, but also serious scientific and applied problems directly related to the use of AI technologies, which often negatively affect human rights. The totality of such opportunities and challenges can be studied as digital human rights in the legal field. In a certain sense, the rights under study, in turn, determine the operational framework of AI in this area, and therefore the opportunities created by AI are considered primarily as an integral part of digital human rights. Then, the problems arising from the use of AI technologies are analyzed and identified as, among other things, negative rights from which humanity must be protected. To achieve the goals of the study, the issues of transparency of computer algorithms, legal features of accountability, and confidentiality are analyzed; ethics-moral approaches in the use of computer technology, etc. Additionally, the need for privacy and a balance between AI technologies and security in general, including cybersecurity, has been identified. It is concluded, in particular, that by developing modern regulations that correspond to digital advances, it is possible to take advantage of AI in empowering the public and the individual.
Legal Consequences of Failure to Comply with Currency Regulation Requirements (Based on the Analysis of Judicial Practice)
Despite the detailed regulation of currency control in domestic legislation, in practice, difficulties persist in qualifying civil transactions as currency operations and determining the scope of counterparty obligations. Judicial practice plays a crucial role in the development of currency legislation and legal doctrine. It maintains a balance between strict state requirements and the demands of market participants, promotes uniform application of the law, and lays the foundation for subsequent legislative improvements. Judicial practice facilitates the reconciliation of public and private interests in the area of currency regulation. Such decisions not only create legal practice but also provide doctrinal foundations for understanding fairness and proportionality in currency control. An analysis of judicial practice reveals a significant number of disputes arising from non-compliance with currency regulations in civil transactions. The lack of a uniform approach to assessing such violations creates legal uncertainty, which negatively impacts the stability of civil transactions. Courts are particularly challenged by the relationship between the principle of freedom of contract and the mandatory requirements of currency regulation. Incorrect classification of a currency transaction can lead to significant financial sanctions for a private entity and even to the invalidation of the transaction. It is predicted that, in a situation of sanctions pressure and the increasing complexity of financial mechanisms, the role of courts in creating a predictable and fair system of currency regulation will increase.
The Burden of Proof and Standards of Proof in Protecting a Bona Fide Counterparty in a Competitive Dispute Over the Debtor's Transactions
The article is devoted to the evidentiary architecture of the protection of a bona fide counterparty in cases of competitive challenge of debtor's transactions under Articles 61.2–61.3 of the Federal Law "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)" No. 127-FZ dated October 26, 2002. The subject of the study is practical mechanisms through which, with formally defined compositions of suspicion and preference, the outcome of a dispute is actually resolved by limiting the burden of proof, using normative presumptions and factual indicators, as well as sufficiency of evidence. The methodological framework includes a systematic analysis of substantive and procedural law, an analysis of judicial argumentation, and practice-oriented modeling of the subject of evidence for key aspects such as awareness, routine business activities, the 1% threshold, and causation of harm. The scientific novelty consists in the proposed classification of presumptions and indicators, in highlighting the "constellation of circumstances" standard and the "anti-label" rule (the inadmissibility of inferring the knowledge/purpose of harm from a single marker), as well as in developing a minimal protection model focused on the verifiable causal coherence of the court's conclusions and the symmetry of the evidentiary risk of the parties. The conclusion is made about the need for discipline of the subject of proof and motivated verification of an alternative good-faith explanation. The practical significance of the model is shown in the ability to form a concise but verifiable evidence base and increase the predictability of turnover.
The Instructions of the Voters in the Mechanism of Ensuring the Democratic Mandate of the People's Trust
In modern conditions of postmodern development of states, there is close attention not only from the scientific community, but also from political actors to classical institutions of direct democracy, including the institution of voter orders as a form of implementing the imperative mandate of a deputy. It is the instructions of voters that ensure transparency in the interaction between voters and the deputy corps, which ultimately increases confidence in the latter and demonstrates its effectiveness. The subject of the study is the legal provision of the institution of voter orders as a form of implementing the imperative mandate of a deputy. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive comparative legal and practice-oriented analysis of the institution of voter orders, which makes it possible to assess the prospects for reforming this area as a matter of priority. The achievement of the research goal became possible through the use of a number of methods, including philosophical, general scientific and special legal methods. Thus, the dialectical method made it possible to trace the genesis of the subject of research in its interrelation and interdependence with other phenomena of the statelegal order, to determine the prospect of its further reform. With the help of general scientific methods, it was possible to achieve unity of research mindset. The formal legal method allowed us to formulate proposals for the transformation of current Russian legislation in this area. The systemic problems of the institution of voter orders, due to the fragmentation of legal regulation, are proposed to be eliminated by modernizing this area, namely, the adoption of the federal law on voter orders, which defines their legal nature, the procedure for registration, accounting and mandatory execution. A practice-oriented approach to voter punishment involves: analyzing the prerequisites for reforming legislation in this area (determining the substantive aspects of the institution of voter punishment, assessing the possibilities of their implementation and compliance with modern realities) and identifying areas for legislative modernization with the creation of a draft law regulating the institution of voter punishment.